what is consolidation and its solution?

Consolidation:

The dissipation of pore water from the soil due to long static load is called Consolidation in soil

condition:

it occurs only in saturated clay.. in which with the passage of time the water expel out and the building get settlement In gravels and sand there is no phenomenon of consolidation because they have a very high permeability so there is no water in their pores..
For consolidation the saturated clay and long static load is required.

Effects:

Settlement of structures..
Cracks in wall, foundation etc

Settlement in a house

Practicle example:

Pisa tower is tilted due to the effect of consolidation..

there is clay beneath its foundation..

Test used to find settlement:

The consolidation test is used find consolidation. The apparatus used for this is consolidometer. It is used to find the primary settlement
Parameters for this test is

Load
Deformation
Time

Solution of consolidation:

If a soil has the problem of consolidation and we want to make a building on it so question arises that what we do to solve this problem so the answer is

Increase the footing area.
make bores and fill these bores with granular material so water get drained from them.

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