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Water Treatment Plant: The process of making water suitable for use is called water treatment As all living things require water for their lives also the use of water in industries and in other practical works is significant. And we all know that at every palace in the world the pure water or clean water is not available so we use Some techniques to improve the water quality.  One of them is a water treatment plant. The concept of Water treatment plant is now a days widely used by many of countries. Although its initial cost is very high but its performance is very good. So now I am going to share with you that how this work.. Conventional water treatment plant: The flow chart of conventional water treatment plant is given below check out this Source Intake structure → Primary  sedimentation → coagulation and flocculation → Secondary sedimentation → Filtration → Disinfection   → Storage/Distribution. Source: Source is the place from where we get th...

Liquefaction Of Soil: is the phenomenon in which the soil behaves like liquid means it losses its strength and stiffness due to intense shaking of an earth quake. ; How does liquefaction of soil occur [REASONS]: liquefaction of soil occurs in saturated soil in which water is entrapped in the pores means pores are filled with water. This water exert pressure of the particles of soil but in first this pressure is small but when earthquake occur the water pressure increases and hence due to this increase in pressure the strength  contact bond between the particles decreases. So by this way the soil strength decreases and the soil losses its ability to support load. Conditions for liquefaction of soil: Following are some conditions for liquefaction of soil: loose granular soil saturation of ground strong shaking Effects of liquifaction of soil: As we know due to liquefaction settlement occurs in soil and due to this settlement alot of prob...

Compaction of soil: Compaction of soil is actually the phenomenon of densification of soil by applying some external load.By this way the particles of soil are packed together due to which our soil properties are improved which are discussed below. Why we do compaction? The main pupose of compaction is to increase the strength of soil which is done by increasing the density of soil. By this way the soil particles get packed more tightly due which the soil can take load more than the loose soil. And Also compaction increases the shear strength of soil. Test used for measuring of Compaction: Standard proctor test Modified proctor test  [for reading standard proctor test click on link below]  https://onlinecivilstudy.blogspot.com/2018/12/compaction-tests-compaction-is-process.html Modified Proctor test:  Objective T o obtain the graphical relationship of the “dry density’ to “moisture content” in the form of “compaction curve’, for deter...

Compaction tests: Compaction is the process of  densification of soil particles by apply the external load                          Mainly two test are done in the laboratory for the compaction test. Standard proctor test  Modified proctor test Standard proctor test: As we know that the degree of compaction is measured in terms of dry density. And dry density depends upon moisture content. The dry density is maximum at the Optimum moisture content. So for this test a curve is drawn between dry density and water content. Because by drawing this curve we can obtain the maximum dry density and also the OMC. Apparatus Required for the test: Compaction mould Hammer 2.6kg Collor 60mm Oven Detachable base plate Dessicator Spatula I.S seive, 4.75mm Weighting balance Calculator Dimensions of Apparatus: The Proctor compaction mold and hammer is 101.6mm in diameter and 116.4...

Compaction tests: Compaction is the process of  densification of soil particles by apply the external load. Mainly two test are done in the laboratory for the compaction test. Standard proctor test  Modified proctor test Standard proctor test: As we know that the degree of compaction is measured in terms of dry density. And dry density depends upon moisture content. The dry density is maximum at the Optimum moisture content. So for this test a curve is drawn between dry density and water content. Because by drawing this curve we can obtain the maximum dry density and also the OMC. Apparatus Required for the test Compaction mould Hammer 2.6kg Collor 60mm Oven Detachable base plate Dessicator Spatula I.S seive, 4.75mm Weighting balance Calculator Dimensions of Apparatus: The Proctor compaction mold and hammer is 101.6mm in diameter and 116.4mm in height. The inner volume is 944cm3. The height of fall of the ...

What is Honey combing in concrete : are hollow spaces and cavities left in concrete on surface or inside the concrete mass where concrete could not reach. These look like honey bees nest. The condition is somewhat like the aggregates are removed from the concrete placed in the structure. Reasons of Honey Combing on concrete : Main reasons of honey combing in concrete  are:  due to non-reaching of concrete to all places due to which hallow pockets are created. may be due to insufficient fine material in the mix, incorrect aggregate grading poor mixing or improper vibration leakage of grout or mortar fraction from the concrete at construction or formwork joints Solution of  Honey combing: By using the following techniques w e can repair the problem of honey combing in concrete  Removing layers of honeycomb on the areas affected, until healthy concrete is Found. Thoroughly cleaning the exposed area of loose aggregate and ac...

What Is Compaction of soil? It is a ground improvement technique in which soil is densified through the external effort. As we all know that a soil in loose form has air entrapped between its particles when we do the compaction by external effort we are actually reducing the air voids in the soil by reducing the air voids some changes occur in soil which are really good for our project construction. Factors affecting degree of compaction: Soil type Compaction effort Moisture content Layer thickness Speed of roller No of roller passes Contact pressure Effect of Moisture Content, Soil type and Compaction effort on compaction of soil: At low water content, the soil is stiff and offers more resistance to compaction. As the water content is increased, the soil particles get lubricated The water act as a lubricant. The soil mass becomes more workable and the particles have closer packing.The dry density of the soil increases with an increase in the water content ti...